Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Investigations

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming criminal investigations across the world. Law enforcement agencies increasingly rely on AI-driven tools such as facial recognition systems, predictive policing algorithms, digital forensics software, and automated data analytics to enhance efficiency and accuracy. While these technologies promise faster identification of suspects, improved crime prevention, and optimized resource allocation, they also raise profound legal and ethical concerns. Issues such as privacy violations, algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, due process implications, and potential misuse of surveillance capabilities have prompted calls for robust legal regulation. This manuscript examines the evolving legal frameworks governing the use of AI in criminal investigations, analyzing how different jurisdictions balance innovation with civil liberties. It explores constitutional protections, statutory laws, international human rights standards, and emerging policy initiatives. The study also evaluates the effectiveness of current regulatory mechanisms in preventing abuses while enabling legitimate law enforcement objectives. Through a doctrinal and analytical approach supported by secondary data, the paper identifies gaps in existing regulations and proposes principles for accountable AI governance in criminal justice. The findings suggest that without comprehensive oversight, AI deployment risks undermining public trust and fundamental rights. Conversely, carefully designed legal frameworks can harness AI’s benefits while safeguarding democratic values.